Nepal is often hailed as a land of contrasts. Nepal’s diverse architecture stands as a convergence of two great religions: Buddhism and Hinduism. The splendid artwork found throughout the country serves as a living testament to this fusion. Despite the devastating earthquake in 2015, Nepal has shown remarkable resilience. This is evidenced by the exceptional talents and enduring quality of the Newars’ craftsmanship.

In the face of adversity, Nepal’s architectural heritage remains steadfast, attracting admirers with its timeless allure. From ancient temples to intricately designed palaces, Nepal’s architectural marvels stand tall. They embody the spirit of magnificence. They also embody the resilience that defines this great nation.

Exploring the Diverse Architectural Styles of Ancient Nepal

The ancient architecture of Nepal showcases a rich tapestry of styles, encompassing three distinct categories. These architectural styles have played a significant role in shaping the country’s cultural heritage. They continue to inspire awe among visitors and scholars alike. Let’s delve into the diverse architectural traditions that define ancient Nepal.

Newar Architecture

The Newar architectural style is renowned for its intricacy and finesse. Developed by the Newar community, skilled artisans, and craftsmen, this style flourished in the Kathmandu Valley. Newar architecture is characterized by its exquisite wood and brick craftsmanship, intricate carvings, and stunning pagoda-style temples. Iconic structures like the Pashupatinath Temple, Nyatapola Temple, and Kathmandu Durbar Square are prime examples of Newar architectural mastery.

Buddhist Architecture

Buddhist architecture holds a significant place in Nepal’s architectural landscape. Influenced by Indian and Tibetan styles, Buddhist monasteries and stupas feature prominently across the country. The Swayambhunath Stupa, Boudhanath Stupa, and Lumbini are revered sites that showcase the essence of Buddhist architecture. Lumbini is the birthplace of Lord Buddha. These structures exhibit harmonious proportions, serene atmospheres, and intricate ornamentation, reflecting the spiritual values of Buddhism.

Hindu Architecture

Nepal’s architectural heritage also encompasses a vibrant tradition of Hindu architecture. Hindu temples in Nepal are inspired by ancient Indian architectural principles. They showcase distinctive features such as towering spires (Shikharas), intricate stone carvings, and ornate entrances. The renowned temples of Pashupatinath, Changu Narayan, and Krishna Mandir exemplify the grandeur of Hindu architectural aesthetics. These temples serve as vital religious and cultural landmarks, attracting devotees and architectural enthusiasts alike.

The ancient architecture of Nepal showcases a captivating blend of artistic expression. It incorporates Newar, Buddhist, and Hindu styles. This blend reflects religious devotion and cultural symbolism. Each architectural style adds to the tapestry of Nepal’s architectural heritage. It provides a glimpse into the country’s rich history and cultural identity.

The ancient architecture of Nepal can be broadly classified into three different styles-

The Pagoda Style

Pioneered by ancient Nepalese craftsmen, the distinctive style of pagoda architecture embarked on a remarkable journey. It influenced distant lands like China and Tibet through the skilled hands of Nepalese artisans. This architectural style reigns supreme in the structures of ancient Nepalese shrines and temples. It is renowned for their multi-tiered roofs arranged in ascending order. These roofs are supported by intricately carved wooden struts.

The pagoda style captivates with its ornate details, showcasing a harmonious blend of aesthetics and functionality. Its protruding windows feature latticed architecture, boasting an exquisite criss-cross pattern. This architectural style was originally adorned with gold, brass, and bronze alloys. It is believed to have originated around the turn of the 13th century. This style has left an indelible mark on the architectural heritage of Nepal and beyond.

The Stupa Style

Monuments in Nepal designed in this architectural style exhibit a distinctive hemispherical dome shape. They are adorned with a pyramid-like structure atop a square base. Certain Stupa monuments showcase intricately carved Buddhist chants or theological scriptures. Others are constructed as sanctuaries to safeguard Buddha’s relics and those of his followers. This style was believed to have been introduced by Emperor Ashoka in Nepal. It symbolizes the fundamental elements of Buddhism – Earth, water, fire, air, and space.

The Shikhara Style

The architectural prowess of ancient Nepalese architects is further exemplified by the Shikhara style. Derived from the Sanskrit term for “mountain peak,” the Shikhara-style monuments are characterized by their resemblance to majestic mountain peaks. They also resemble pyramidal structures. These monuments or temples are embellished with elaborate and intricate artwork. This artwork adorns their exteriors. It showcases the skilled craftsmanship of the Nepalese artisans.

Marvels of Architecture of Nepal

The architectural wonders of Nepal, inspired by the aforementioned styles, include:

Pashupatinath Temple

Style of Architecture: Pagoda Style

The Backstory:
This sacred site in Kathmandu is revered as one of the city’s oldest Hindu temples. Its origins trace back to the 5th century. However, it underwent significant renovations in the 13th century. Ananta Malla, a ruler of the Malla dynasty, oversaw these renovations. Over time, it suffered damage. It was reconstructed once again in the 17th century. The reconstruction showcased remarkable craftsmanship and featured an impressive array of 492 temples surrounding the main temple.

Architecture:
As one of the most sacred destinations for devotees of Lord Shiva, this temple boasts a distinctive architectural design. Its dual roof is adorned with a resplendent blend of gold and copper. Intricately carved wooden rafters provide essential support to the structure.

Situated on the banks of river Bagmati, the Pashupati temple complex holds cultural and historical significance. It is also one of the seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu Valley. The complex is known for its cultural and historical significance.

Kathmandu Durbar Square

Style of Architecture: Pagoda Style

The Backstory:
Durbar Square is a term used to describe plazas or areas near palaces. Nepal has three such squares. Among them, the most renowned is the Kathmandu Durbar Square, also known as Hanuman Dhoka Square. In ancient times, this site served as the courtyard of the Royal Palace where kings were crowned. The construction of this quadrangle can be traced back to the Licchavi era. It underwent numerous renovations during the rule of the Malla dynasty.

Architecture:
Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site, the Kathmandu Durbar Square encompasses a collection of ancient temples and museums. These structures feature multiple rooftops, a distinctive characteristic of Nepal’s pagoda-style architecture. The square stands as a testament to the rich cultural and architectural heritage of the region.

Patan Durbar Square

Style of Architecture: Pagoda Style

The Backstory:
In the Kathmandu Valley, another Durbar Square of great prominence is the Patan Durbar Square. It is renowned as one of Nepal’s most popular tourist attractions. The exact origins of this square remain unknown. However, it is widely believed that the Malla rulers were responsible for significant transformations.

Architecture:
Patan Durbar Square boasts a rich architectural landscape, featuring approximately 130 courtyards called “Bahals” and 55 major temples. The square is divided into two distinct parts. The inner complex houses the ancient royal palaces, while the outer complex is adorned with numerous pagoda-shaped temples. These temples showcase intricate artwork and typically consist of more than two tiers of roofs. The exceptional craftsmanship displayed in the design and details of these temples is extraordinary. It stands as a testament to the remarkable talents of the Newar community.

UNESCO Recognised: The Patan Dubar Square was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979.

Bhaktapur Durbar Square

Style of Architecture: A combination of Pagoda and Shikhara styles.

The Backstory:
Bhaktapur Durbar Square is one of the three Durbar Squares in the Kathmandu Valley. It is a remarkable representation of Nepal’s rich cultural heritage. This includes the heritage of the Newari community. It stands as one of the most beautiful heritage sites in the country. It was constructed by King Bhupatindra Malla during the 17th century. This was a period of Malla rule.

Architecture:
Bhaktapur Durbar Square is composed of four interconnected squares: Durbar Square, Taumadhi Square, Dattatreya Square, and Pottery Square. The square is adorned with numerous temples, all characterized by their multiple roofs, showcasing the distinctive pagoda-style architecture of Nepal. Within the Durbar complex, you can find sculptures depicting ancient rulers. You can also see life-sized representations of animals with religious significance, placed on stone plinths. These artistic elements add to the cultural richness and historical significance of the site.

UNESCO Recognised: Within this UNESCO World Heritage Site, several prominent temples hold significant cultural and historical value. These include the Vatsala Temple, Bhairavnath Temple, Nyatapola Temple, and the Mini Pashupati Temple, among others. Each of these temples contributes to the architectural splendor and spiritual importance of the site. They attract visitors from around the world to admire their beauty and cultural significance.

Kasthamandap Temple

Style of Architecture: Pagoda Style

The Backstory:
The Kasthamandap Temple is situated in Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square. It traces its origins back to the era of the Malla dynasty. Its name, which translates to “wood pavilion,” reflects a fascinating fact. The entire temple was constructed from a single tree. Originally serving as a “mandapa,” or ceremonial podium, it later underwent a transformation into a temple dedicated to Saint Gorakhnath.

According to ancient manuscripts, Saint Gorakhnath once disguised himself as a human and joined a chariot procession of Machhindranath. However, he was discovered by a tantric who cursed him with a lifetime of imprisonment. Eventually, an agreement was reached between the two, resulting in the growth of a sal tree by Gorakhnath. The wood from this tree was then used by the tantric to construct the temple.

Architecture:
Referred to as “Maru Satal,” the Kasthamandap Temple dedicated to Saint Gorakhnath possesses a distinctive and peculiar nature. Instead of a traditional idol, the temple features the representation of Saint Gorakhnath through his footprints. This unique architectural element adds to the religious and cultural significance of the temple. It makes it a significant attraction within the Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square.

Changu Narayan Temple

Style of Architecture: Pagoda Style

The Backstory:
The journey to the Changu Narayan Temple involves ascending several steps through the charming Nepalese village of Narayan. The origins of this Hindu temple date back to the 4th century AD. An inscription on a garuda column within the temple indicates this. The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, who is worshipped as “Narayana,” the creator of a new age.

Architecture:
Changu Narayan Temple stands as one of Nepal’s oldest temples and features a captivating architectural style. The entire temple complex is adorned with vibrant and intricately carved wooden sculptures. The temple itself has a dual roof and sits atop a raised platform, offering a commanding presence. It boasts four entrances, known as “Dwars,” which are guarded by life-sized sculptures of lions and garudas. The struts supporting the temple’s roofs showcase engravings depicting various incarnations of Lord Vishnu.

UNESCO Recognized: Changu Narayan Temple holds the prestigious status of being a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Despite its significance, the temple attracts relatively few tourists. This allows the serene atmosphere of Narayana Village to be preserved and maintained.

Boudhanath Stupa

Style of Architecture: Stupa Style

The Backstory:
This Stupa holds a significant place as one of the most revered Buddhist shrines in Nepal. It draws followers from various religions, particularly Buddhism. With a history spanning over 1500 years, it carries immense spiritual importance. According to legend, the Stupa was constructed by Songtsen Gampo, a Tibetan King. He did this as an act of penance after unintentionally causing his father’s death.

Architecture:
Rising to a height of approximately 118 feet. This Stupa stands as one of Nepal’s seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It features a grand white hemispherical dome crowned with a golden pinnacle. Remarkably, eyes are painted on all sides of the dome, symbolizing a watchful presence. Every element of this architectural marvel holds deep significance.

Architectural Symbols:
The pinnacle of the Stupa represents Mount Sumera. Mount Sumera is regarded as the spiritual center of the universe and the abode of gods. The gilded canopy signifies the element of air. The thirteen steps symbolize the path to enlightenment, also known as “Bodhi.” The eyes painted on the central tower depict the all-knowing nature of Lord Buddha. Just below the eyes, the painted nose symbolizes unity and the singular path to spiritual enlightenment. The hemispherical dome represents the vastness of the universe. The two circular plinths supporting it symbolize water, a vital element. Each symbol within the Stupa carries deep spiritual meaning, adding to its profound significance.

Namobuddha Stupa

Style of Architecture: Stupa Style

The Backstory:
Namobuddha Stupa holds immense reverence as one of the holiest pilgrimage sites for Buddhists worldwide. According to legend, Lord Buddha, in a previous incarnation as a prince, selflessly offered his body to a starving tigress. He also offered his body to her cubs. This act of compassion has led to the site being sometimes referred to as “Takmo Lu Jin.” This term means “Tigress Body Generosity” in Tibetan. Pilgrims hold the belief that the stupa was constructed atop the remains of Lord Buddha to commemorate his remarkable sacrifice.

Architecture and Symbols:
The Namobuddha Stupa features a pinnacle at its summit. It has a hemispherical dome, albeit smaller in scale compared to other stupas. Additionally, five smaller stupas accompany the main one. They symbolize the five elements of Buddhism: air, water, fire, earth, and space. Each stupa represents a specific element and holds spiritual significance within the Buddhist tradition. The overall architectural design and arrangement of the stupas create a sacred space for devotees to pay homage. Devotees reflect on the noble act of selflessness exemplified by Lord Buddha at this hallowed site.

Swayambhunath Stupa

Style of Architecture: Stupa Style

The Backstory:
Regarded as a profoundly sacred destination for Buddhist pilgrims. The Swayambhunath Stupa stands as a remarkable architectural wonder in Nepal. Its name, Swayambhunath, translates to “self-made.” Situated in the Kathmandu valley. Reaching the pinnacle of this stupa requires ascending 365 stairs. This is a testament to the devotion of dedicated pilgrims. According to a popular legend, the Kathmandu Valley was once a vast lake that sprouted a lotus. As the water receded, the lotus transformed into the revered Swayambhunath stupa.

Architecture and Symbols:
Frequently referred to as the “Monkey Temple,” the Swayambhunath Stupa boasts a white hemispherical dome. The dome symbolizes the earth. The spire of the stupa comprises 13 tiers. These tiers represent the different stages one must progress through on the path to spiritual enlightenment or Nirvana. Each tier holds profound significance in the spiritual journey. Notably, the stupa features three eyes painted on each side, commonly known as the “all-seeing eyes.” These eyes symbolize the omnipresence of Lord Buddha, while the third eye signifies wisdom and insight. The distinctive nose, resembling a curly question mark, serves as a symbol of unity. 

The architectural elements of the Swayambhunath Stupa are coupled with its rich symbolism. Together, they create a sacred space for reflection. It is also a place for prayer and spiritual contemplation. This makes it an awe-inspiring destination for both pilgrims and visitors alike.

Krishna Mandir

Style of Architecture: Shikhara Style

The Backstory:
The Krishna Mandir is a testament to the splendid Shikhara-style architecture of Nepal. King Siddhinarsingha Malla commissioned it during the reign of the Malla dynasty. According to legend, the inspiration for building this temple came from the king in a dream. He saw Lord Krishna standing before his palace. In response to this divine vision, the king resolved to construct a Krishna temple on the very spot. Each year, during August and September, the temple hosts Krishna Jayanta, a festive celebration honoring the birth of Lord Krishna.

Architecture and Symbols:
The Krishna Mandir is a magnificent example of architectural prowess. It showcases 21 meticulously crafted pinnacles adorned with exquisite artwork. These intricately designed pinnacles showcase the remarkable skill and craftsmanship of ancient Nepalese artisans. The temple structure consists of three floors beneath the spires. Each floor is dedicated to housing three distinct deities: Lord Shiva, Lord Krishna, and Lord Lokeshwar. This arrangement emphasizes the harmonious coexistence of different aspects of divinity within the temple.

The Krishna Mandir stands as a testament to the devotion and artistic brilliance of its builders. Its architectural splendor continues to captivate visitors. The divine symbolism embodied within its structure serves as a place of worship, honoring Lord Krishna and promoting spiritual reflection.

Immerse yourself in the awe-inspiring architecture of Nepal and embark on a journey of cultural discovery. Experience the rich heritage and intricate craftsmanship of ancient temples, stupas, and palaces that have stood the test of time. From the majestic pagoda-style structures to the captivating shikhara temples, Nepal’s architectural marvels await your exploration.

In this blog post, we will explore the captivating world of Bhaktapur’s pottery. We will discuss its historical significance. We will also explain why it should be on every traveler’s itinerary.

Pottery is the process of forming objects, typically vessels, from clay by hand or by using a potter’s wheel. It is one of the oldest forms of human art. It has been practiced for thousands of years across various cultures.

Process of making pottery

1. Clay selection: Different types of clay are used for pottery. The choice of clay depends on factors such as its plasticity, color, and firing temperature. Common types of clay include earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain.
2. Wedging: Before working with clay, it is often necessary to remove air bubbles. You should also ensure the clay is uniform in texture. This is done through a process called wedging, which involves kneading and compressing the clay.
3. Shaping: There are different methods of shaping pottery, including hand-building and wheel-throwing. Hand-building involves creating pottery by hand. Techniques include coiling. Coiling involves building with rolls of clay. Slab construction uses flat pieces of clay. Pinching uses fingers to shape the clay. Wheel-throwing involves using a potter’s wheel to shape the clay while it spins.
4. Drying: Once the pottery is shaped, it needs to dry to remove moisture from the clay. This is an important step to prevent cracking during firing. The drying process can take several days or even weeks, depending on the size and thickness of the pottery.
5. Bisque firing: After the pottery is dry, it is typically fired in a kiln at a lower temperature. The temperature is around 900 to 1000 degrees Celsius. This process is called bisque firing. This firing hardens the clay and prepares it for glazing.
6. Glazing: Glazing involves applying a layer of liquid glass or ceramic material to the bisque-fired pottery. Glazes can add color, texture, and a protective coating to the pottery. They come in various forms, such as glossy, matte, or textured. The glazed pottery is then fired again at a higher temperature. This fuses the glaze to the clay and achieves its final appearance.
7. Final firing: After glazing, the pottery is fired in a kiln at a higher temperature. The exact temperature depends on the type of clay and glaze used. This final firing, known as the glaze firing or high firing, typically ranges from 1100 to 1300 degrees Celsius. It vitrifies the clay, making it durable and water-resistant.
8. Finishing touches: After the final firing, additional finishing touches can be added to the pottery. These include sanding, polishing, or adding decorative elements like handles or surface designs.

Pottery can be both functional and decorative, with various forms such as bowls, plates, vases, and sculptures. It is a versatile art form. It allows for creative expression. It can be enjoyed as a hobby or pursued professionally.

Pottery Square कुम्हः त्वः (The Endangered Pottery Haven)

Kumha Tole, also known as Pottery Square or Talako Tole, is a vibrant neighborhood in Bhaktapur, Nepal. This area is predominantly inhabited by people with the surname ‘Prajapati.’ They have inherited the art of pottery from their ancestors. For them, pottery is not just a job. It is an integral part of their cultural identity. It is also a source of immense pride.

In this fast-paced and technologically driven era, traditional handcrafted arts are gradually fading into obscurity. The art of pottery, with its meticulous craftsmanship and timeless beauty, is facing the threat of being lost over time. Local residents are deeply concerned about preserving this cherished art form.

Join us as we delve into the heart of Kumha Tole. The wheel turns, clay takes shape, and delicate creations come to life. Discover the stories and passion of the talented artisans who continue to breathe life into this endangered craft. Together, let’s celebrate and support the rich legacy of pottery in Bhaktapur.

Experience the magic of pottery firsthand and contribute to the preservation of this cultural heritage. Book your visit to Kumha Tole today and witness the beauty of traditional pottery before it becomes a fading memory.

Why Bhaktapur Pottery Square should be on every traveler’s itinerary

Bhaktapur is renowned for its rich cultural heritage and artistic traditions. Among its many treasures, the traditional pottery art of Bhaktapur stands out. It is a must-do experience for visitors seeking an immersive journey into the local culture.

Unveiling the Pottery Square:

At the core of Bhaktapur lies a bustling hub of creativity known as Pottery Square or Kumha Tole. Stepping into this vibrant neighborhood, visitors are instantly transported. They enter a realm where the hands of skilled artisans mold clay into stunning masterpieces. As you wander through the narrow lanes, you will witness the age-old tradition of pottery unfold before your eyes.

The Prajapati Legacy:

The majority of craftsmen in Bhaktapur’s Pottery Square belong to the Prajapati community, renowned for their expertise in pottery. Passed down through generations, the art of pottery is deeply ingrained in their cultural heritage. Engage with the Prajapati artisans. Hear their stories. Gain insights into their techniques, which have remained largely unchanged for centuries.

Hands-on Pottery Experience:

No visit to Bhaktapur is complete without getting your hands dirty and experiencing pottery firsthand. Several workshops and studios offer visitors the opportunity to learn the basics of pottery. This includes shaping clay on the wheel and creating unique designs. Under the guidance of skilled instructors, you can create your own pottery masterpiece. You can also take home a tangible memory of your time in Bhaktapur.

Exploring Pottery Techniques:

Bhaktapur’s pottery art showcases a diverse range of techniques, including wheel-throwing, hand-building, and decorative embellishments. From delicate vases to intricately designed pottery items, each piece tells a story and reflects the craftsmanship of the artisans. Take the time to understand the different methods employed and the significance behind the motifs and symbols adorning these creations.

Preservation Efforts:

As traditional crafts face modern challenges, preserving Bhaktapur’s pottery art has become crucial. Organizations and initiatives are working tirelessly to ensure the sustainability of this ancient art form. By supporting local artisans and purchasing their handcrafted pottery, visitors can actively contribute to the preservation of this cultural heritage.

Conclusion:

Immerse yourself in the captivating world of traditional pottery art in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Discover the legacy of the Prajapati community, witness skillful craftsmanship, and create your own pottery masterpiece. Engaging with this ancient art form is not just a memorable experience. It is also a way to support the preservation of Bhaktapur’s cultural heritage. Don’t miss the chance to explore Bhaktapur’s pottery art. Experience its enchanting realm during your visit to this extraordinary city.

How Thanka (Thangka) are Made ? Thangka Making Thanka Art

Origins of Thanka (Thangka) Painting:

Thanka (Thangka) Painting has its origins in ancient India but it was in Nepal that the art form truly flourished. The vibrant colors and intricate details of Thanka (Thangka) Paintings in Nepal are unparalleled. These qualities have earned them a reputation as some of the finest Buddhist art in the world.

Tibetan Buddhist painting has its roots in early Buddhist paintings found in places like the Ajanta Caves in India. The Mogao Caves in China have extensive wall paintings. These were the repository for what are now the earliest surviving Tibetan paintings on cloth. The thanka form, a type of portable painting, developed alongside the tradition of Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings. The form’s history is more easily traced through these murals, which survive in greater numbers than portable paintings. 

The earliest surviving Tibetan paintings on cloth are from the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang on the Silk Road. These are located in Gansu province, China. Surviving tangkas on the cloth from Tibet started in the 11th century, after the revival of Buddhism. Over the centuries, Tibetan painting, both on walls and thangka, continued to develop in its distinctive style. It balanced between the two major influences of Indo-Nepalese and Han Chinese painting. This occurred despite Buddhism being on the general decline in these regions. Tibetan painting incorporated many elements from Han Chinese painting. This influence became prominent from the 14th century onwards. It reached a peak in the 18th century.

Types of Thanka (Thangka) Painting in Nepal

Thangka painting is a form of Tibetan Buddhist art. It originated in Nepal and spread to Tibet and other regions where Tibetan Buddhism is practiced. Thangkas are portable paintings of cloth or silk typically used for meditation and teaching. They come in various sizes. These range from small hand-held ones to large wall hangings. They depict a wide range of subjects, including deities, mandalas, historical events, and the life of the Buddha.

Thangka paintings can be classified into different types based on their subject matter, style, and purpose. Some of the common types include deity thangkas, which depict Buddhist deities and their attributes. Mandala thangkas represent the cosmos and the path to enlightenment. Narrative thangkas tell stories from the life of the Buddha and other historical figures. Medical thangkas illustrate the human body and its energy channels for use in traditional Tibetan medicine. Other types of thangkas include protector deities, lineage thangkas, and ritual thangkas. Each type has its own conventions and iconography and is used for different purposes within Tibetan Buddhism.

Tangkas are further divided into these more specific categories:

1. Painted in colors (Tib.) Tson-tang: the most common type
2. Appliqué (Tib.) go-tang
3. Black Background: meaning gold line on a black background (Tib.) Nagtang
4. Block prints: paper or cloth outlined renderings, by woodcut/woodblock printing
5. Embroidery (Tib.) tsem-thang
6. Gold Background: a promising treatment, used judiciously for peaceful, long-life deities and fully enlightened Buddhas
7. Red Background: literally gold line, but referring to the gold line on a vermillion (Tib.) mar-tang

Materials and Techniques:

One of the unique aspects of Thanka (Thangka) Painting is its creation using natural materials. Traditional techniques are also employed. The artists use hand-ground pigments made from minerals, plants, and other natural substances. These pigments create the vibrant colors used in the paintings. They also use traditional tools such as bamboo pens and fine brushes to create intricate details and patterns.

Thangka paintings are typically created using pigments mixed with a water-soluble medium of animal glue. They are painted on cotton or silk. The cotton is typically loosely woven and produced in widths ranging from 40 to 58 cm. Thangkas wider than 45 cm often have seams in the support. Mineral and organic pigments are used, and in some cases, 24-carat gold is plated over parts of the painting. The composition of a thangka is highly geometric. Arms, legs, eyes, nostrils, ears, and various ritual implements are all laid out on a systematic grid of angles and intersecting lines.

The artist must be properly trained and have sufficient religious understanding. They need knowledge and background to create an accurate and appropriate thangka. All symbols and allusions must be in accordance with strict guidelines laid out in Buddhist scripture. Inscriptions are often found on the back of thangkas. They typically contain the mantra of the deity depicted. They may also provide information about later owners.

Significance of Thanka (Thangka) Painting:

Thanka (Thangka) Painting is considered a sacred art form often used in meditation and religious ceremonies. It is highly respected by the Nepalese people and is an integral part of their spiritual and cultural heritage.

Symbolism in Thangka Painting

Thangka paintings often depict the significant theme of the birth of Buddha and his initial seven steps. In these artworks, the artist symbolically portrays Mayadevi’s resting place with a Saal tree. The immediate seven steps are represented by seven lotuses. These are positioned in the four cardinal directions.

Another important symbol found in thangka paintings is Buddha seated on a radiant throne, signifying his attainment of enlightenment. The wheel of dharma, a common motif, represents the teachings of Buddha. Additionally, the depiction of Buddha lying on a thorn amidst two Saal trees signifies his eventual passing.

Here are a few other symbolism present in Thangka paintings:

• Lotus Flower:
  In Buddhism, the lotus flower is a symbol of spiritual purity, representing the journey towards enlightenment. Its blossoming petals symbolize the continuous cycle of life.
• Conch Shell:
  The resounding sound of the conch shell represents the proclamation of the dharma. It signifies that Buddha’s teachings have reached his disciples.
• Victory Banner:
  The victory banner signifies Buddha’s triumph over the four hindrances on the path to enlightenment. These hindrances are pride, desire, disturbing emotions, and fear of death.
• Dharma Chakra:
  The dharma chakra, or wheel of dharma, represents the eightfold path, which encompasses the teachings of Buddhism. These paths include right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.
• Parasol:
  The parasol symbolizes protection from negative influences. It serves as a refuge in the dharma. It provides shelter from destructive forces.
• Treasure Vase:
  The treasure vase represents the abundant growth of Buddha’s teachings when they are shared with others. It also symbolizes good health, prosperity, and longevity.
• Vitarka Mudra:
  The Vitarka mudra is depicted by a lama. Their right hand is raised with the thumb touching the index finger. This gesture represents discussion, reasoning, and the transmission of knowledge.
• Dhyana Mudra:
  The Dhyana mudra signifies meditation and enlightenment. It is often depicted with the hands resting in the lap, palms facing upwards, symbolizing inner peace and tranquility.
• Bhumisparsha Mudra:
  The Buddha depicts the Bhumisparsha mudra with his right hand touching the ground, with all five fingers extended. This gesture represents the Buddha summoning the Earth. He calls upon it to witness his victory over the forces of Mara. The gesture signifies his attainment of enlightenment.
• Varada Mudra:
  The Varada mudra represents the gesture of dedicating oneself to the salvation and well-being of all beings. It emphasizes compassion and selflessness.

Mandala: As the central element in Thangka Paintings

Mandalas are symmetrical holy diagrams used in Buddhism and Hinduism for meditation and worship. They are three-dimensional and feature religious figures, deities, symbols, and other symmetric objects. In religious ceremonies, mandalas are often painted on the floor using colored sand.

Mandala thangkas, which are central to the thangka art form, gained popularity. Nepalese thangka paintings called Paubas specifically focus on mandala thangkas, which are appreciated for their asymmetric aesthetic appeal. These thangkas are widely used for meditation and are believed to bring positive energy to households.

In Tantric Buddhism, mandalas are viewed as a powerful tool for attaining enlightenment. They also symbolize the circle of life. Mandalas are recognized for their healing properties and are used for therapeutic purposes. Carl Jung was a renowned Swiss psychologist. He introduced mandalas to the Western audience. He explained that they symbolize wholeness and aid in self-reflection.

Places to See Thanka (Thangka) Paintings in Nepal:

If you’re interested in learning more about Thanka Painting in Nepal, there are several places you can visit. The Patan Museum in Kathmandu is home to an impressive collection of Thanka (Thangka) Paintings. Some of these paintings date back to the 13th century. The Boudhanath Stupa is one of the largest Buddhist stupas in the world. It is a great place to see Thanka (Thangka) Paintings in their natural setting.

Who paints thangka in Nepal?

The Chitrakar caste in Nepal is a subgroup of the Newar caste. They are primarily located in the Kathmandu Valley. They first created Thangka around the 15th century. Their caste was responsible for creating paintings and masks, and the profession was passed down from father to son. “Chitrakar” translates to “image maker“. Nowadays, anyone can learn the sacred art of Thangka, regardless of their background, by attending schools that teach the craft. Kichaa, who grew up surrounded by Thangka, learned to paint at a young age by observing his father. He picked up the same style and can now create intricate and beautiful pieces of fine art.

Cost of a Thangka

The price of an authentic Thangka painting can range from $1000 to $15000. The cost varies based on its size and level of intricate detail. An artist typically works up to 8 hours a day for over five months. This is needed to complete an average Thangka painting.

Counterfeit Thangkas can be easily found on the streets of Thamel. They are priced anywhere between $30 to $200. It takes an expert in Thangkas to distinguish between an original and a knock-off. These replicated Thangkas are mass-produced and primarily sold as souvenirs.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, exploring the tradition of Thanka Painting in Nepal is a fascinating and rewarding experience. By immersing yourself in this sacred art form, you can gain a deeper understanding of Nepal’s rich culture. You can also understand its spiritual heritage. So why not take the time to appreciate the beauty and intricacy of Nepalese Thanka (Thangka) Paintings? Discover for yourself what makes them so special.

Nepal boasts a long-standing tradition of wood carving, where artisans utilize tools like chisels, knives, and gauges to sculpt intricate artworks and sculptures from wood. The country’s rich cultural heritage is reflected in the exquisite masterpieces crafted by skilled Nepali wood carvers, with the medieval Durbar Squares and temples of Kathmandu Valley displaying some of the finest examples of wooden artistry.

The medieval buildings of Nepal’s Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur are adorned with stunning designs and patterns carved into the wooden doors and windows. These old settlements are a testament to the skill and craftsmanship of Nepali wood carvers, who have created breathtaking works of art that have stood the test of time. One such masterpiece is the “Aankhi Jhyal“, a traditional wooden carved window that is an essential component of Newari architecture.

History of Wood Carving in Nepal:

Wood carving has been an integral part of Nepali culture for over a thousand years. It has been used to create intricate and beautiful works of art for religious, ceremonial, and decorative purposes. The earliest known examples of Nepali wood carving can be found in the temples and palaces of the Kathmandu Valley, which date back to the 12th century.

During the Malla period (13th to 18th century) and the preceding Licchavi period, Nepal experienced a cultural renaissance that elevated wood carving and wooden architecture to great heights. The ancient cities of Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur bear witness to this golden era through their stunning wooden buildings, temples, and palaces.

Among these treasures is the Indresvara Mahadeva temple in Panauti, believed to be Nepal’s oldest surviving wood carving dating back to 1396. Thanks to outstanding conservation efforts, the temple’s beautiful old wood carvings remain intact. In fact, even the Chinese traveler Wang Hsuan Tsang (643 AD) made mention of the Licchavi period’s (300-879 AD) exquisite woodcrafts and sculptures.

Another incredible example of wooden architecture is the Kasthamandap temple near Hanuman Dhoka. Built around 1143 Bikram Sambat as a shelter home for traders along the trade route, was constructed entirely out of a single timber wood. The traditional architecture included exquisitely carved doors, windows, and cornices featuring mesmerizing geometrical, floral, and animal designs.

The heavy wooden framework of the structure was an essential part of Newari architecture, with beams, struts, and pillars forming a load distribution and roof support. Wooden windows and doors were also used for ornamentation, further showcasing the skill and creativity of Nepali wood carvers. Fortunately, the local community has successfully passed down this traditional art form to younger generations, keeping it alive and thriving.

Significance of Wood Carving in Nepali Culture:

Wood carving holds a special place in Nepali culture. It is often used to create sacred objects such as prayer wheels, masks, and statues of deities. These objects are considered to be imbued with spiritual power and are used in daily rituals and ceremonies. Wood carving is also used for decorative purposes, such as in the intricate carvings found on the windows and doors of traditional Nepali architecture.

Nepalese wood carvings typically draw inspiration from the Holy Scriptures and mythical structures of Buddhism or Hinduism. Intricately woven patterns of deities, religious symbols, demons, animals, and other elements adorn these wooden artworks. Interestingly, some of these carvings even take on an erotic form, as seen in the wooden beams of roof structures.

In the Newar community, there is a specialized caste of people who dedicate their craft to carving these intricate designs. The art of wood carving in Nepal demands incredible craftsmanship, with the use of natural agents and the absence of nails or glue. The result is a stunning work of art that reflects the rich cultural and religious symbolism that is deeply ingrained in Nepali traditions.

Techniques of Wood Carving in Nepal:

The techniques used in Nepali wood carving are highly specialized and require years of training and practice to master. The most common tools used in wood carving include chisels, gouges, and knives. These tools are used to carefully remove layers of wood, creating intricate designs and patterns. The most skilled wood carvers can create incredibly detailed and lifelike sculptures, often depicting religious figures and scenes from Nepali mythology.

To begin the process of wood carving, the artist must carefully select a wood that closely matches the desired shape and size of the final figure. In some cases, multiple pieces of wood may need to be joined to create the desired size. Next, the artist uses gouges, which are curved blades, to shape the wood by removing large portions of the material.

A chisel, which has a flat cross-section, is also used to remove wood, along with a knife and saw for chopping larger pieces. Wood is never carved against the grain, only across or with it. Once the general shape is formed, a variety of tools are used to create intricate designs.

A “Veiner” or “Flutter” tool creates deep gouges, while a “v-tool” makes fine lines or decorative cuts. After the finer details are added, the wood carving is completed by smoothing the surface with rasps, which are flat-bladed tools with pointed teeth, and rifflers, which are double-ended tools used to create folds or crevasses.

The surface is then polished using abrasive paper, starting with a rougher surface and progressing to a finer grain to create a smooth finish. Finally, the sculpture is colored using natural oils such as walnut or linseed oil, which not only add color but also protect the wood from dirt and moisture. A layer of wax can also be applied to protect the wood and add a lustrous sheen. With this, the wood carving process is complete, and the sculpture is ready for display or sale.

Conclusion:

Wood carving is a cherished art form in Nepal, and is an important part of the country’s cultural heritage. The intricate and beautiful carvings found throughout Nepal are a testament to the skill and dedication of its craftsmen. Whether used for religious or decorative purposes, wood carving remains an important part of Nepali culture, and a true treasure of the country.

The History and Significance of Nepali Arts and Crafts

Nepali arts and crafts have a long history that dates back to ancient times. Influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism, Nepali artisans developed a unique style that combined religious iconography with intricate designs and patterns. These crafts were used in religious ceremonies and as decoration in temples and palaces.

Over time, foreign invasions and colonization had an impact on Nepali arts and crafts. However, artisans continued to innovate and adapt, creating new styles and techniques that reflected the changing times.

Today, Nepali arts and crafts are an integral part of the country’s cultural heritage. They represent the diversity of Nepal’s people and their rich history.

The Diversity of Nepali Arts and Crafts

Nepali arts and crafts are as diverse as the country’s landscape. From the mountains to the plains, artisans have developed unique styles and techniques that are reflective of their surroundings.

One of the most well-known types of Nepali arts and crafts is the thangka painting. These colorful paintings on cotton or silk depict religious iconography and are used in Buddhist ceremonies. They are often framed in silk brocade and make for beautiful decorative pieces.

Woodcarving is another prominent Nepali art form. Kathmandu is home to some of the most intricate woodcarvings in the world, found on temples and palaces. These carvings depict scenes from Hindu and Buddhist mythology. They are a testament to the skill and creativity of Nepali artisans.

Pottery is also an important part of Nepali arts and crafts. The Bhaktapur district is known for its beautiful pottery, with intricate designs and bright colors. The pottery is often used for cooking and serving food, as well as for decorative purposes.

The Modern-day Market for Nepali Arts and Crafts

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in Nepali arts and crafts. However, the market for these traditional crafts is facing many challenges. Cheap imitations and mass-produced items from other countries are flooding the market, making it difficult for local artisans to compete.

To help support local artisans and preserve traditional crafts, there are a few things consumers can do. First, look for authentic pieces that are handmade by Nepali artisans. These pieces may be more expensive, but they are often of higher quality and have a unique story behind them. Second, buy from reputable sources that work directly with local artisans. This ensures that the artisans are being paid fairly for their work.

Nepal has a rich tradition of arts and crafts that reflect the country’s diverse cultural heritage. Some of the most famous Nepali arts and crafts include:

• Thangka Paintings: Thangka paintings are intricate, detailed paintings on silk or cotton fabric that depict Buddhist deities, scenes, and mandalas.
• Wood Carvings: Wood carving is a traditional Nepali craft that involves intricately carving designs into wood. These designs can range from simple to complex and are often used to decorate temples, furniture, and other decorative objects.
• Metal Crafts: Nepali metal crafts include bronze casting, copper work, and silverwork. These crafts are often used to make statues of deities, jewelry, and other decorative objects.
• Pottery: Nepali pottery is known for its intricate designs and vibrant colors. Potters use traditional techniques to create clay pots, vases, and other decorative objects.
• Handmade Paper: Nepali handmade paper is made from the bark of the Lokta plant, which grows in the Himalayan region. This paper is used to create journals, notebooks, and other paper products.
• Embroidery: Embroidery is a traditional Nepali craft that involves stitching intricate designs onto fabric. This craft is often used to decorate clothing, bags, and other textiles.
• Mask Making: Nepali mask making is a traditional craft that involves creating masks for use in religious ceremonies and festivals. These masks are often brightly colored and feature intricate designs.
• Carpet Weaving: Carpet weaving is a traditional Nepali craft that involves weaving intricate designs into carpets and rugs. Nepali carpets are known for their high quality and intricate designs.

Conclusion:

Nepali arts and crafts are a vital part of the country’s culture and heritage. Through their intricate designs and unique features, these traditional crafts offer a glimpse into Nepal’s rich history and cultural diversity. By supporting local artisans, we can help to ensure that they continue to thrive. Promoting these crafts will sustain them for generations to come.

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