Nubri’s Rich Heritage

As you embark on the challenging trek to Nubri, reaching an altitude of over 4,000 meters, you’ll be transported back in time. The village, predominantly inhabited by the Nubri people, is a testament to their resilience and resourcefulness. Having migrated from Tibet around 400 years ago, they have carved out a life in this harsh yet captivating environment, preserving their cultural heritage for generations.

Nubri Way of Life

Stepping into Nubri is akin to stepping into a living museum. The villagers, known for their warm hospitality and vibrant attire, primarily rely on yak and sheep herding, barley cultivation, and their exceptional crafting skills for their livelihood. Witnessing their intricate carpet and rug weaving techniques, passed down through generations, is a testament to their artistic expression and adaptation to their surroundings.

Spiritual Sanctuary of Nubri

Beyond its captivating landscapes and cultural tapestry, Nubri holds spiritual significance for many. The village is home to the Hinang Thrangu Tashi Choephel Ling Monastery, a vibrant center of Buddhist pilgrimage. The monastery’s unique architectural style and colorful prayer flags fluttering in the wind create a sense of serenity and peace, inviting visitors to experience the spiritual essence of Nubri.

Unforgettable Adventure: Beauty of Nubri

Reaching Nubri Village demands dedication and a sense of adventure. The trek itself, although challenging, is an unforgettable experience, offering stunning vistas of the Himalayas and a glimpse into the diverse flora and fauna of the region. Arriving in Nubri, the reward is unparalleled – a chance to immerse yourself in a unique culture, breathtaking landscapes, and a way of life that resonates with the timeless spirit of the Himalayas.

How to Get to Nubri Village, Nepal

Nubri Village, nestled in the heart of the Himalayas, is a place of breathtaking beauty, rich culture, and a unique way of life. However, reaching this remote village requires careful planning and preparation. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you plan your adventure:

1. Understand the Journey:

• Accessibility: Nubri is not reachable by road. The only way to reach the village is through a challenging multi-day trek. Be prepared for strenuous physical activity and high altitudes (above 4,000 meters).
• Duration: The typical trek to Nubri takes around 7-14 days, depending on the chosen route and pace. Consider your fitness level and experience when planning your itinerary.
• Seasonality: The best time to visit Nubri is during the spring months (March to May) or autumn months (September to November) when the weather is generally clear and stable. Avoid the monsoon season (June to August) due to potential landslides and treacherous trails.

2. Plan and Prepare:

• Permits: Obtain the necessary permits, including the ACAP (Annapurna Conservation Area Permit) and the Tsum-Nubri Restricted Area Permit, well in advance. These can be acquired through authorized trekking agencies or the Department of Immigration in Kathmandu.
• Guide and Porter: Consider hiring a registered and experienced guide and porters for your trek. They will ensure your safety, navigate the challenging terrain, and handle logistical aspects like setting up camp and preparing meals.
• Equipment: Pack essential gear for trekking, including sturdy hiking boots, appropriate clothing for varying temperatures, a first-aid kit, a warm sleeping bag, and a water purification system. Research and invest in good quality equipment as it will be crucial for your comfort and safety.

3. Choose Your Trek:

• Popular Routes: Several established trekking routes lead to Nubri, each offering unique experiences and varying levels of difficulty. Some popular options include:
  • Manaslu Circuit Trek: This challenging trek circumnavigates the Manaslu Himal, offering stunning views and glimpses of Nubri village on the way.
  • Tsum Valley Trek: This trek focuses on exploring the Tsum Valley, a culturally rich region bordering Nubri. You can add an extension to visit Nubri village from here.
  • Nubri Valley Trek: This dedicated trek leads directly to Nubri village, offering a more focused experience on the unique culture and landscape of the region.

Remember: Reaching Nubri Village is an adventure that requires planning, preparation, and a sense of adventure. By following these guidelines and seeking guidance from experienced professionals, you can embark on an unforgettable journey to this hidden gem of the Himalayas.

History and Significance

The Changu Narayan Temple has a long and fascinating history that dates back to the 4th century. It was built by the Licchavi dynasty, which ruled Nepal from the 3rd to the 7th century. The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, one of the three main gods in Hinduism, and is considered one of the oldest and most important temples in Nepal.

The Legend of Changu Narayan

Long ago, a Gwala, or cow herder, purchased a cow from a Brahmin named Sudarshan. This cow was known for producing copious amounts of milk, so the cow herder took her to graze in Changu, a forest of Champak trees. Every day, while grazing, the cow went to the shade of a particular tree, where a young boy would drink her milk. However, in the evening, when the cow was milked, only a tiny amount of milk was obtained. The cow herder became very sad and contacted Sudarshan to complain. Sudarshan agreed to observe the cow’s daytime activity, so he and the cow herder hid behind the tree the next day.

To their surprise, a small black boy emerged from the tree and started drinking the cow’s milk. The men were outraged, believing the boy to be a demon and the tree to be its abode. Therefore, Sudarshan cut down the Champak tree, and fresh human blood spurted from the tree. Realizing their terrible mistake, the two men were distraught and began to cry.

Lord Vishnu then appeared from the tree and explained that it was not their fault. He told the story of how he had accidentally killed Sudarshan’s father while hunting in the forest, and as punishment, he was cursed to wander the earth on his mount, Garuda. Eventually, he found himself on the hill in Changu, living in anonymity and surviving on the stolen milk. When the Brahmin cut down the tree, Vishnu was freed from his sins.

After hearing Vishnu’s story, the Brahmin and cow herder resolved to establish a small temple in Lord Vishnu’s name and worship the site. Since then, the place has been considered sacred, with Sudarshan’s descendant serving as a priest of the temple and the cow herder’s descendants as Ghutiyars or conservators.

Architecture and Design

The temple’s unique architecture is a blend of the Licchavi and Newari styles, which are characteristic of the Kathmandu Valley. The temple’s central sanctum is a two-story pagoda-style structure with a golden pinnacle, and the four corners of the temple are adorned with four smaller pagodas. The temple’s wooden roof is decorated with images of gods and goddesses and features intricately carved brackets and struts.

Monuments and Sculptures at Changu Narayan Temple

Changu Narayan Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nepal, known for its stunning collection of ancient monuments and sculptures. One can find these remarkable pieces of history while visiting the temple from the right side after entering from the main entrance (Eastern gate) to the courtyard.

1. Chhinnamasta Temple:
   Dedicated to Chhinnamasta Devi, this temple depicts the goddess beheading herself and offering her blood to feed the hungry Dakini and Varnini.
2. Vishnu Vikrant:
   A 7th-century sculpture of Trivikram Vishnu depicts the scene from the popular Hindu myth of Lord Vishnu and his beloved Bali Raja.
3. Historical Pillar:
   Erected by Mandeva in 464 AD, this pillar is a testament to the ancient history of the Changu Narayan Temple.
4. Garuda:
   Garuda is the flying vehicle of Lord Vishnu, which has a human face and is considered a devoted follower of Vishnu.
5. Chanda Narayan (Garuda Narayan):
   This 7th-century stone sculpture of Vishnu riding on Garuda has been depicted on the 10 rupee paper note issued by Nepal Rastra Bank.
6. Sridhar Vishnu:
   A 9th-century stone sculpture of Vishnu, Laxmi, and Garuda, stands on the pedestals of various motifs.
7. Vaikuntha Vishnu:
   A 16th-century sculpture of Vishnu seated on the Lalitasan position on the six-armed Garuda, with Laxmi seated on his lap.
8. Vishworup:
   This 7th-century stone sculpture is beautifully carved and depicts the scene from the Bhagwat Gita, in which Lord Krishna manifests his universal form to his devotee Arjun.
9. Narasimha:
   A 7th-century sculpture of Narasimha, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, killing the demon King Hiranyakasyapa to save his beloved devotee Prahalad.
10. Kileshwor:
    These small two-storied temples are dedicated to Lord Shiva, who is believed to have appeared in this place for the protection of the hill.

Stone Sculptures

The Changu Narayan Temple is famous for its collection of stone sculptures that are housed in the temple’s outer courtyard. These sculptures depict various Hindu deities, mythical creatures, and scenes from Hindu epics. The most famous of these sculptures is the statue of Garuda, the mythical half-man, half-bird creature who is the mount of Lord Vishnu. This statue is considered one of the finest examples of Nepali stone sculpture and is a testament to the skills of the craftsmen who worked on it.

Inner Courtyard and Shrine

The temple’s inner courtyard is home to the main shrine, which houses a 5-foot-tall image of Lord Vishnu. The image is made of black stone and is considered one of the most beautiful images of Lord Vishnu in Nepal. The shrine is decorated with intricate carvings, and the walls are adorned with frescoes that depict scenes from Hindu mythology.

Cultural Festivals

The Changu Narayan Temple is not just a religious site but also a center of cultural activities. The temple hosts various festivals and events throughout the year, including the Changu Narayan Jatra, a week-long festival that celebrates the temple’s rich cultural heritage. During the festival, the temple comes alive with music, dance, and cultural performances that showcase the best of Nepali art and culture.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Changu Narayan Temple is a cultural and architectural marvel that has stood the test of time. Its unique blend of styles, stunning sculptures, and rich history make it a must-visit destination for anyone interested in exploring Nepal’s rich cultural heritage. Whether you are a history buff, an art enthusiast, or a spiritual seeker, the Changu Narayan Temple is a destination that should not be missed.

Nepal is a country rich in culture and history, making it a great destination for cultural trips. Here are some cultural activities and destinations to consider for your trip to Nepal in 2024:

Cultural Types in Nepal

The Himalayan Ethos

Home to a stunning variety of handicrafts and sophisticated cuisine, Nepal’s diverse culture is packed into a compact geography. Nepal combines gorgeous views of the world’s tallest mountains, golden temples, charming hill villages, and wildlife to offer one of the world’s great travel destinations.

It has more than 60 ethnicities, a staggering architectural range in its ancient temples, and pristine Buddhist stupas, a testament to its multi-religious heritage. You can observe its faith in its reverence of the Kumaris (living goddesses) across all major towns like Patan, and Bhaktapur, and visit the stunning Kumari Bahal in Kathmandu.

Multicultural Nepal

The Malla period, particularly between the 15th to 16th centuries, was the golden age of Newari craftsmanship in the Kathmandu Valley. Some of the famous palaces and temples in Patan, Bhaktapur, and Kathmandu like the Kashtamandap, Kabindrapura, and Maju Deval were built during this time. Apart from wood carving, Newari craftsmanship has also included stone sculpting, metalwork, and ceramics in places like Bhaktapur’s Potters’ Square.

Newari food is a proud showcase of the rich cuisine of the community, unlike the simplicity of a Tharu meal. The Buddhist influence on the country has resulted in the creation of many thangka painting schools, and these are attended not only by local artisans whose work is sold at galleries and centers like the Dharmapala Thangka Centre but also by travelers learning through long-term courses. The sleek khukuri (dagger) of the Gurkhas, the world-famous warrior community of Nepal, is a popular souvenir, and a large variety of these can be found at Khukuri House.

Boho Beats

The 1970s brought flower power culture to Nepal, and while much of it has been erased over the decades, areas like Freak Street are a reminder of an era that once was. In many ways, Thamel, the backpacking heart of Kathmandu, balances that bygone time with modern-day travel. Restaurants, jazz bars, bakeries, tattoo parlors, and souvenir shops line its labyrinthine alleys and lanes, making it the Freak Street of today and a pulsating part of Kathmandu’s culture.

Outside the valley, Nepali culture manifests itself most clearly in the local way of life. Teahouses on hiking trails become windows into the Sherpa community; wildlife explorations in the Chitwan National Park lend themselves to interactions with the friendly ways of the Tharu community who live on the fringes of the park; and travels in the Helambu region showcase the Nepali Buddhist way of life, which is quite different from the Tibetan one. As you make your way across these different villages and cultures, you slowly begin to figure out when to switch from namaste to Tashi Delek (greetings in the Tibetan language) and vice versa.

Festivals & Fairs

Festivals are a great way to understand the culture of a country, and Nepal is no exception. Hindu festivals are celebrated with gusto, especially Dasain, the biggest of them all. The Kumari processions and rath jatras (chariot parades), including lesser-known ones such as those in Panauti, are also popular. Losar, the Tibetan New Year, is the most important festival for the Buddhist community after Buddha Jayanti, the day the Buddha was born. Devotees light thousands of butter lamps in celebration on these days.

Diverse Culture

Nepal has an increasingly diverse culture today, thanks in part to a growing number of Nepalis who have studied and lived abroad but have chosen to return home. They have added their international influences to the melting pot of a new-age Nepal as have the foreigners who have adopted Nepal as their home and embraced its ancient culture, language, and crazy traffic.

While Nepali culture might bear a resemblance to India or other subcontinental countries, it is much like the popular slogan on T-shirts that are the rage in Thamel: ‘Same Same but Different.

Need To Know About Cultural Trips in Nepal

When To Go

October & November: A favorite with trekkers, this is the season for the best mountain views. Clear blue skies and pleasant weather mark this period, and there is usually a steep rise in the prices of accommodation and other things.

December-April: The chill of winter sets in after a glorious autumn, and trekking routes are covered with snow and are bitterly cold. However, it’s still a good time for cultural tours in the valleys. Spring (February and March) is warmer with a wonderful period of rhododendron blooms and is great for day trips into forests or low-altitude treks.

June-September: This is the monsoon period, and some operators conduct tours for travelers. Visits to rain shadow areas like Upper Dolpo and Upper Mustang are recommended during this season. In other areas, accommodation is cheap and discounts are common during these months.

Related: Best time to Visit Nepal 2024.

What to Pack

• Depending on when you visit, pack layers of clothing as required; should the weather turn, you will need a light fleece even in the summers.

• Good walking shoes and sturdy hiking boots are a must if you plan to go to the higher mountains.

• Carry sunscreen, sunglasses, lip balm, a flashlight, insect repellent, water purification tablets, a reusable water bottle, and all other paraphernalia for trekking or hiking. If you forget anything, you can buy it from any of the mini supermarkets in Kathmandu and Pokhara.

• A bathing suit is useful for hotel pools and rafting trips.

Quick Facts

Language

The people in Nepal speak a mix of Nepali and Hindi, and basic English is spoken and understood by most on the tourist circuits and even in teahouses on trekking trails.

Currency

The Nepali rupee (NPR) is the local currency. The US dollar is widely accepted just like the Indian rupee. Most money exchange shops display the exchange rates for the day, but you can check on www.xe.com too. The closer you are to a touristy area, the larger the number of ATMs you will find. Credit cards are widely accepted at mid-range and high-end hotels and other service providers, but carry enough cash on hiking trails.

Connectivity

Local SIM cards are available at the airport, and there are many recharge shops in towns. If you are traveling with a partner or a group, try buying from the same service provider as inter-service telephony is expensive. Wi-fi services are widely available in cities and towns and even in trekking teahouses now (additional charges apply). For more details, go to Nepal Tourism Board.

Getting There

By Air: The Tribhuvan International Airport outside of Kathmandu is the country’s only international airport. You can take a prepaid cab from inside the terminal. You can also download ride-sharing apps and hire taxis or bicycles to get around Kathmandu. The domestic flight network in Nepal is excellent as it connects most remote trailheads to the capital and saves you arduous road journeys. These are small-sector flights, so be prepared for delays and cancellations because of weather conditions, etc.

By Road: Buses are the main (and cheapest) form of public transport and connect most of the country. The tourist buses are more comfortable than local ones, and they are better at keeping time too. Car hires for multi-day trips can be arranged through tour operators. They can be a bit expensive but are worth the comfort and flexibility.

Tours & Guides for Cultural Trips in Nepal

While tour operators and guides are a dime a dozen in Nepal, it is better to use reputed agencies and government-approved guides for both quality and safety reasons. Most heritage sites provide guides at the ticket counter, so pick one there or take along your agency-approved guide.

Dos and Don’ts

Dos

• Plan your itinerary to get good deals on accommodation and travel.
• Start a fitness regimen if you plan to indulge in adventure sports.
• Acclimatize well before hitting high-altitude areas.
• Carry any specific medication if necessary. Kathmandu has good medical facilities, but the smaller towns will not be able to handle complicated medical issues.
• Be respectful of temples, monasteries, and heritage sites as many of them are also operational religious sites.
• Dress modestly and take off your shoes and hat before entering the premises.
• Check if photography is allowed indoors.
• Move clockwise around Chortens and stupas. You may leave a donation at gompas and temples if you wish.

Don’t

• Waste natural resources in the mountains.
• Enter a private home with your shoes on or leave a meal until everyone else has finished eating.
• Take photos of people without seeking their permission first.
• Shop in Thamel without comparing prices.
• Drink tap water.

Festivals of Nepal

Nepal is a multicultural society with people from various ethnic backgrounds. Festivals, whether they are Hindu or Buddhist, are celebrated with equal fervor and ceremony. Some of the most vibrant festivals in the year include:

• Dasain Sep-Oct
• Tihar Oct-Nov
• Mha Puja Oct-Nov
• Fagu Purnima (Holi) March
• Gai Jatra Aug-Sep
• Ghode Jatra Mar-Apr
• Teej Aug-Sep
• Janai Purnima Aug
• Lhosar Feb
• Bisket Jatra Mar-Apr
• Buddha Jayanti Apr-May
• Indra Jatra Sep
• Chhath Parva Oct-Nov
• Maha Shivaratri Mar
• Rato Machhindranath Jatra May

10 Top Cultural Experiences 2024

1. Sunset at Swayambhunath
   Swayambhunath Stupa, popularly called the ‘Monkey Temple, is one of the most recognizable cultural symbols in Nepal. Built on the top of a hill 3km west of Kathmandu, you can watch the valley glow in the evening light of the setting sun from here. The white-washed UNESCO World Heritage stupa’s colorful prayer flags flutter in the twilight breeze as pilgrims rotate mani (prayer) wheels chanting prayers, and twinkling lights pop across the stunning cityscape of the capital.
2. Kathmandu by Night
   The Pashupatinath Temple hosts an evening aarti with great fanfare. Get there early to secure a spot at a vantage point (the bank below the main shrine is a good spot). Exit before the fire dance ends to avoid getting caught in the exodus of worshippers. You can then head to Bodhnath Stupa and grab a bite at one of the small Tibetan eateries near the stupa. In the silence of the night, watch the flickering of the butter lamps long after the tourists are gone.
3. Dawn in Bhaktapur
   Wake up at dawn to the tolling of the bells in the temples of Bhaktapur, and watch a heritage town slowly come to life. Stroll around as vendors set up their fresh wares, and vegetables are sold in the foreground of a 17th-century square. Later, the smells of fresh Khaja (snacks) waft out of small eateries tucked into crumbling buildings, and shops start displaying mani stones, paintings, and other souvenirs. If you look around carefully, in the corners of the squares and alleys, you will find old-timers playing Kassi Pein, a local dice game.
4. Durbar Squares
   Almost every significant township in Nepal was once a small kingdom in itself, with its own ruler and durbar (royal square). Walk around these squares to travel back to the medieval era and let the richness of Nepali history sink in. The grandest squares include the durbar squares of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur. The smaller ones in Panauti and Nuwakot are interesting, especially to experience how medieval structures coexist with daily life to this day.
5. Galli Tour in Patan
   Explore the small bylanes of Patan on the Secret Galli Tour led by Cosy Nepal, a unique accommodation initiative in the city. Led by Prakash Dhakwa, one of the hosts of Cosy Nepal, the tour takes guests to hidden courtyards and secret alleys, giving them an insight into Patan. The highlight of the tour is a private meeting with the Kumari, the living goddess of Patan.
6. Festival Fun
   In a culturally rich country like Nepal, festivals are a window into its diversity and ethos. While there are plenty of Jayanti (divine birth celebrations), it is the rath jatras that are a riot of celebration and color. The biggest festival is Dasain, which usually takes place in October, and is marked by fairs and family feasts. A unique Nepali occasion is the Kukur Tihar, a festival that honors a man’s best friend and is celebrated across Nepal. Following the lunar calendar, Kukur Tihar occurs in October-November, on the second day of Tihar, a festival equivalent to Diwali in India.
7. Bar Hopping
   Thamel is the center of most tourist activity and nightlife in Kathmandu, and it is most alive in the evenings when live music wafts out of the bars and restaurants. Hangouts like Electric Pagoda and Attic are popular with people who like funk and rock. Cafe New Orleans hosts jazz nights every Wednesday evening. The best jazz acts play every Saturday night at the evergreen Jazz Upstairs in Lazimpat. New hangouts like Moksha in Patan also host music and theatre performances.
8. Jazzmandu
   An internationally acclaimed jazz festival in Nepal, this event lives up to its tagline of being ‘the biggest jazz party in the Himalayas! Mark your calendars for this annual autumn event while visiting Kathmandu to listen to some great music played by master musicians from across the world.
9. Cultural Immersion
   One of the best ways to immerse yourself into a new culture is by trying your hand at a local skill. Take a cooking class to learn how to make momos at home, or take your painting abilities to the next level by learning thangka art in a class with a master artist. A unique class is one in khukuri making, the iconic dagger of the Gurkhas. Learn these skills and go on such trails.
10. Eat Your Way Through Kathmandu
    Traditionally, Nepalis have eaten two main meals, brunch, and dinner, and this gave rise to an incredible Hhaja or snack culture. Stop at a local teashop to eat Chatamari, a Newari rice crepe with meat toppings, also dubbed ‘Nepali pizza: Cool off with Bhaktapur’s famous Juju Dhau or king curd. Explore the breadth of Nepali cuisine that has retained the old, welcomed the new, and given birth to a fusion of flavors.

Best Cultural Trips in Nepal Itineraries

Explore the different corners of Nepal for vibrant cultural tours in Nepal experience. Here are a few ideas for different travel durations.

CULTURAL TRIANGLE: KATHMANDU-BHAKTAPUR-LUMBINI (ONE WEEK)

DAY 1: Walk around Durbar Square in Kathmandu in the daytime, and drive to Pashupatinath to watch the evening aarti. Visit Boudha nearby to soak in the experience of Kathmandu minus the day crowds.

DAY 2: Walk around the old quarters of the city and have a leisurely lunch at the Garden of Dreams near Thamel after some afternoon shopping. Then, head to watch the splendid sunset at the Swayambhunath Stupa.

DAY 3: Drive to Patan and explore Durbar Square. Walk the alleyways of old Patan and finish with a delectable meal at one of its swanky cafes.

DAY 4: Drive to Bhaktapur and walk around to explore the sights and crafts. Listen to the evening devotional music performance in the main square.

DAY 5: Drive back to Kathmandu and fly to Bhairahawa in the morning. Drive 22km to Lumbini and spend the day there.

DAY 6: Drive to Tansen and wander through the quaint little Newari town. Continue to Pokhara and have dinner on the lakeside.

DAY 7: Fly back to Kathmandu

MOUNTAIN CULTURE & LEISURE: POKHARA-BANDIPUR-NUWAKOT (ONE WEEK)

DAY 1: Fly to Pokhara from Kathmandu. Unwind and go for a leisurely evening stroll around the Phew lakeside.

DAY 2: Take a boat across Lake Phewa. Stop at the Varahi Temple on the small island in between, continue to the other end, and walk to the World Peace Pagoda. Drive back with a stop at the Gupteshwor caves.

DAY 3: Drive to Bandipur. Wander through the cobbled pathways of the restored town and watch a beautiful sunset on the Annapurna range.

DAY 4: Visit the Thani Mai Temple at sunrise. Visit the exceptional Siddha cave and continue to Ramlot, a traditional village, before returning to Bandipur for the night.

DAY 5: Drive to Nuwakot after a leisurely morning.

DAY 6: Walk around the little explored Nuwakot Durbar and experience the idyllic life of this mountain village.

DAY 7: Drive back to Kathmandu.

OFFBEAT TEMPLE TOWNS: BAJRAYOGINI-NAMOBOUDHA-PANAUTI (FOUR DAYS)

DAY 1: From Kathmandu, drive to the famed Chang Narayan Temple near Bhaktapur. Continue to the little-known Bairayogini Temple, a 16th-century tantric shrine. Drive onwards to Nagarkot and spend the night here.

DAY 2: Drive to Dhulikhel. Explore its old town and the Har Siddhi and Vishnu temples in the square. Visit the Newari-style Bhagwati Shiva Temple in the northwest and the Kali Temple in the southeast.

DAY 3: Drive to Namoboudha near Dhulikhel. Sit in the prayer hall of the radiant Thrangu Tashi Yangtse Monastery. Drive down to the unexplored Panauti town and stay the night at a local home.

DAY 4: Drive back to Kathmandu.

These are just a few of the cultural activities and destinations that Nepal has to offer. With its rich history and diverse culture, Nepal is a great destination for anyone interested in exploring the cultural heritage of South Asia.

This guide is researched and written by Shikha Tripathi. Shikha Tripathi is a widely published journalist specializing in writing about the outdoors and Himalayan ecology, with an added interest in culture and sustainable travel. Born and brought up in the Himalayas, she is a hiker and climber who enjoys napping in the mountain sun as much as writing about her highland explorations. Shikha has a special affinity for Nepal and shares her photo stories on her Instagram handle @shikhatripathi.travel
This edition includes extracts from Lonely Planet Nepal (11th edition, 2018)

Anthropology

Nepal is home to 125 ethnic groups, each with its own unique culture, customs, and traditions. Anthropology research can focus on aspects of Nepalese culture, including religious practices, social organization, and economic systems. Hence, anthropology also includes research on human behavior and linguistics. There are almost 123 languages in Nepal out of which 37 are in verse of extinction. Moreover, researchers from around the world visit Nepal in order to preserve it.

Archaeology

Nepal has a rich history taking us back thousands of years. Research in archaeology can focus on studying ancient cities, temples, and palaces, including the Kathmandu Valley, which is home to several UNESCO World Heritage sites. Other research such as ecofacts and landscapes is also a part of archaeology.

Botany

Nepal’s diverse landscape is home to a wide variety of plants and herbs, many of which are found nowhere else in the world. Research in botany can focus on the study of different plant species, including medicinal plants and endangered species. Read more at the National Botanical Garden of Nepal.

Geology

Nepal is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including rare and endangered species. Research in biodiversity can focus on the study of different animal and plant species, including their distribution, ecology, and conservation.

Biodiversity

Nepal is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including rare and endangered species. Research in biodiversity can focus on the study of different animal and plant species, including their distribution, ecology, and conservation. Read more at Nepal Biodiversity Research And Conservation Centre

Environmental Science

Nepal’s environment is subject to various environmental issues such as deforestation, soil erosion, and water & air pollution. Research in environmental science focuses on the impact of human activities on the environment and finding ways to mitigate and adapt to these issues.

Some other research tours are as follows:

Cultural Research Tour

A cultural research tour in Nepal could include the following activities:

• Visiting historic temples and palaces, such as Pashupatinath Temple and Hanuman Dhoka Palace.
• Exploring traditional Newari settlements, like Bhaktapur and Patan.
• Observing and participating in local festivals, such as Dashain and Tihar.
• Trying local cuisine, like momos and dal bhat (Rice and lentils).
• Learning about traditional handicrafts and textiles, such as weaving and wood carving.
• Meeting with local artists, musicians, and writers to learn about their work.
• We can hike to rural villages to experience daily life and customs.

These activities aim to provide an immersive and authentic cultural experience in Nepal, allowing you to learn about the country’s rich history and diverse cultural traditions.

In Nepal, some of the possible areas for a cultural research tour include:

• Kathmandu Valley – historic temples, palaces, and traditional Newari settlements.
• Pokhara – traditional villages, scenic mountain views, and cultural festivals.
• Bhaktapur – a UNESCO World Heritage site known for its traditional architecture and culture.
• Patan – another UNESCO World Heritage site with a rich history and cultural heritage.
• Langtang National Park – a combination of cultural and natural heritage, with traditional Tamang villages and scenic mountain landscapes.
• Chitwan National Park – an opportunity to learn about Tharu culture and observe wildlife.
• Annapurna Circuit – a trek through rural villages, allowing for a close encounter with Gurung cultures and customs.

Trip: Langtang Valley with Tamang Heritage Exploration Trek – 15 Days

These areas offer a diverse range of cultural experiences and the opportunity to interact with local communities and learn about their traditions, customs, and daily life.

Agriculture Research Tour

An agriculture research tour in Nepal could include the following activities:

• Visiting agricultural research centers and farms to learn about modern techniques and innovations.  Also, the traditional method is used to date.
• Observing crop cultivation and livestock management practices.
• Interacting with farmers and local experts to understand local challenges and best practices.
• Studying local food systems and markets, including traditional foods and crops.
• Participating in workshops and training sessions on sustainable agriculture.
• Exploring natural resources and the impact of agriculture on the environment.
• Visit agro-industries to learn about the processing and marketing of agricultural products.

These activities would provide an opportunity to gain an understanding of agriculture in Nepal, including its challenges, opportunities, and best practices for sustainable development.

In Nepal, some of the possible areas for an agriculture research tour include:

• Terai region – is known for its fertile land, agriculture, and agro-industries.
• Hill region – traditional agriculture and food systems, including organic and terrace farming.
• Chitwan – an area with diverse agriculture, including rice paddies, livestock, and tropical fruit production.
• Mustang – an area with unique agroecology, including high-altitude crops and traditional livestock practices.
• Kathmandu Valley – an area with a diverse range of agricultural practices, from urban farming to rural production.

Trip: Upper Mustang Trek with Tiji Festival – 18 Days

These areas offer a range of agricultural experiences and environments, providing the opportunity to learn about different aspects of agriculture in Nepal and to interact with local communities and experts.

It is essential to have proper research permits and approval from relevant government authorities, and also hire a reputable guide or company to assist the research team.

The Kumari, also known as the Living Goddess, is an incarnation of the goddess Taleju Bhawani. She is a young girl chosen from the Shakya caste of the Newar people, who are indigenous to the Kathmandu Valley. The Kumari is an influential and revered figure in Nepal, and her presence is considered auspicious. Living Goddess Kumari brings you good luck and prosperity.

Formation of Living Goddess Kumari

Malla kings were devotees of Taleju Bhawani. Goddess Bhawani often visited the Malla Kings and played cards with them. Goddess Taleju was upset with King Jayaprakash Malla and disappeared. The king arranged pujas and prayers for the goddess who appeared in his dream and asked for a young girl so they could worship her. Hence, a young girl from a Buddhist family of Shakya can only be a living goddess. 

Selection Process of Living Goddess Kumari.

The selection process for the Living Goddess Kumari is quite strict and involves several rounds of testing and evaluation. Amongst the group of young Newari girls, a potential candidate for the role can be anyone. Each girl should appear on a series of physical exams and assessments of her demeanor and behavior. These tests are designed to ensure that the girl is physically and mentally fit to assume the role of the Kumari.

The selection process also includes a number of cultural and spiritual tests. For example, the girl may be required to demonstrate her knowledge of Hindu scriptures and rituals and her ability to recite mantras and perform other religious duties. In addition, the girl is evaluated for her poise, grace, and overall demeanor, as these are all considered important qualities for the Kumari to possess. Moreover, Kumari should have Battis Lakshanas or thirty-two perfections.

Ultimately, the final selection of the Kumari is made by a panel of priests and other religious officials, who consider all of the above factors in making their decision. Once selected, the Kumari is consecrated and begins her duties as the Living Goddess.

Once selected, the Kumari is placed in a temple in the Durbar Square area of Kathmandu, where she resides until she reaches puberty and is no longer considered divine. During this time, Kumari is not allowed to leave the temple and must observe strict rules and rituals. She is only allowed to interact with the public during special ceremonies and festivals when she is carried through the streets in a palanquin.

Related: A Brief Guide to Festivals in Nepal

Royal Kumari

King and his family worship the royal kumari at the square. In addition to it, King and his family receive tika, a blessing every year at the auspicious Tika Sahit in Dashain festive. Royal Kumari temple is located right across the historical Gaddi Baithak Hall at Basantapur in Kathmandu whereas the Kumari house is in the southern part of Kathmandu Durbar Square. Moreover, King Jaya Prakash Malla built the Kumari Ghar, or house in 1757.

Interesting Facts about Living Goddess Kumari

• Kumari simply means Virgin but the Sanskrit meaning is the princess
• During Indra Jatra, one of the important ceremonies, Living Goddess Kumari publicly appears in her golden palanquin across the city
• Every area like Patan, Bhaktapur, and Bungamati has there own kumari 
• During Kumari’s public appearance, her actions such as crying or weeping/ rubbing her eyes, trembling, and clapping of hands are considered a bad omen
• Nowadays, Kumaris have access to  their studies in Kumari Ghar

Read more at https://ntb.gov.np/en/living-goddess-kumari 

List of Kumaris

Royal Kumaris – City: Kathmandu

Kumaris – City: Patan

Kumaris – Place: Bungamati

The source of Kumaris List is Wiki Kumari_(goddess)

If you have any suggestions please feel free to contact us or write a short note in the comment box.

Highlights on Temples of Bhaktapur

• The ancient city of Bhaktapur is the destination for some of the most beautiful and historic temples in Nepal.
• Bhaktapur’s temples are known for their intricate carvings, paintings, and architectural styles, which reflect the city’s rich cultural and religious values.
• Some of the must-see temples in Bhaktapur include the Nyatapola Temple, the Bhairava Nath Temple, and the Dattatreya Temple. These temples are revered for their spiritual significance and are visited by devotees from all over Nepal.
• Visitors to Bhaktapur can also explore the Bhaktapur Durbar Square, a royal palace complex that features a number of stunning temples, shrines, and courtyards.
• In addition to their religious and cultural significance, the temples of Bhaktapur carry the history and traditions of Nepal carved into the walls.

One of the main attractions in Bhaktapur is Durbar Square, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The square is the place for several important temples and palaces, including the Nyatapola Temple, Dattatreya Temple, and Vatsala Temple. Moreover, the court is also known for its beautiful architecture and stone carvings and is a popular spot for tourists to take photos and learn about the city’s history.

In addition to it, its cultural attractions, Bhaktapur is also known for its flavoursome food and shopping. The city has several local markets selling traditional handicrafts and souvenirs, and a variety of local and international foods.

Related: Bhaktapur Durbar Square: The Major Attractions

Some of the temples of Bhaktapur include:

Nyatapola Temple: 

This five-tiered temple is the tallest one in Nepal dedicated to the goddess Siddhi Lakshmi. It is located in the centre of Bhaktapur standing with its beautiful architecture and stone carvings. Nyatapola divided Bhaktapur into the upper and lower parts as Thané and Konhé respectively sustained themselves throughout the four major earthquakes and their aftershocks. Since the temples of Bhaktapur is not accessible to the public, the Avala group of people performs a ritual to the deity every July. However, the name of the deity inside the temple is also kept a secret.

Dattatreya Temple: 

Dattatreya is the avatar of three powerful gods in the Hindu religion Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. This temple was built in 1427BS with a single timber as Kasthmandap in the valley. Dattatreya lying in the centre of Bhaktapur has intricate wood carvings, beautiful brass bells and stone turtles engraved in pillars. The temple was built in the Malla regime aligning with the mandapa architecture.

Changu Narayan Temple: 

This temple is located on a hilltop to the east of Bhaktapur and is dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. It is one of the oldest temples in Nepal and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temple is named after the Kashmiri king’s daughter Champak married the prince in the small village of Changu. Besides that, the temple consists of a list of monuments such as a historical pillar from 464 BS, Garuda, Chanda Narayan, Sridhar Vishnu, Vaikuntha VishnuA, Chhinnamasta, and Vishworup.

Vatsala Temple: 

Vatsala temple is dedicated to the goddess Durga established in 1696. The temple is built in Shikhara-style architecture with beautiful stone carvings and brass artwork. It is located in the centre of Bhaktapur. A bell in the temple is dedicated to the Goddess Annapurna made in the early-mid 18th century. Along with it, the temple was rebuilt after the earthquake of 2015. 

Siddha Pokhari Temple: 

This temple is located in the centre of Bhaktapur and is known for its beautiful pond called Pokhari in Nepali. Every year Ashwin Krishna Dwithiya fair takes place. Locals feed the fish in the pond and dipped themselves worshipping goddess Indrayani. King Yakshya Malla built Sidha Pokhari in the 15th century which is also called as Ta-Pukhu.

In addition to these temples, Bhaktapur Durbar Square also includes several palaces, including the 55 Window Palace and the Golden Gate, which are known for their ornate architecture and intricate wood carvings. Furthermore, the square is also the place for the National Art Gallery, which displays traditional Nepali art and crafts.

FAQs about the temples of Bhaktapur:

Which of these world heritages of Nepal attracts you the most? Please feel free to write a short note on this via comments. Thank you.

Nepal is a diverse country with unique culture, nature, biodiversity, climate, and so on. Exploring cultural places, wildlife safari, hiking and trekking, white water rafting, and mountain biking are some significant activities you can experience in Nepal. Nepal is popular for its research center on different aspects.

For adventure travelers, Nepal includes various trekking and climbing options over 5000m. Other than trekking and hiking you can experience adventures such as camping, rafting, paragliding, and following activities.

Trekking in the Himalayas of Nepal

Trekking in the Himalayas comes to mind every individual whenever they think of adventure in Nepal. Nepal provides huge ranges of the Himalayas for the foothill adventure. Starting from a day of hiking that can last as a multi-day expedition.

Among the top 10 highest mountains in the world, Nepal consists of 8 highest peaks including Mt. Everest at first. Everest Base Camp Trek is a popular trekking expedition with the highest level of challenges all over the world. Some other popular treks are Annapurna Circuit, Langtang Valley, Manaslu Circuit, etc.

Sightseeing around Kathmandu

Kathmandu Valley provides a range of sightseeing within the valley. Sightseeing in Kathmandu can be covered in a single day; the four major places are Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Swyambhunath, and Bouddhanath Stupa. It takes around 5-6 hours for sightseeing inside the valley.

Besides that, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, 13km from the heart of the valley, Thamel with a cultural taste you can still see in locals. These durbar squares constitute the traditional culture, fine arts, and history, and reflect on the royal dynasty.

Moreover, sightseeing around the valley consists of other popular places i.e. Chovar, Kopan Gumpa, Bhudanilkhanta temple, Garden of Dreams, Narayanhiti Palace Museum, White Monastery, the national botanical garden, etc. Some of these places are listed as the World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Trekking and sightseeing are priorities on to-do lists in Nepal.

Pilgrimage and Religious Tour

Although Nepal is a secular state majority of people follow Hinduism. Another popular religion is Buddhism which originated in Nepal by Lord Buddha, the Light of Asia. Nepal is the base for pilgrimage tours for all religious people including Buddhists, Christians, and Islam.

Pashupatinath Temple, Manakamana Temple, Janaki Mandir, and Muktinath Temple are famous for the Hindu Pilgrimage Tour. Boudhanath Stupa, Swayambhunath Stupa, Namobuddha, Kapan, and Lumbini are popular for Buddhist Pilgrimage Tour. In addition, Jame Masjid in Rupandehi, Bhairahawa is one of the oldest of its kind in Nepal.

Jungle Safari and Hunting

Nepal is a landlocked country covered with forest and has 12 National Parks, 4 Wildlife Reserves, and 3 Conservation Areas. Most are dense tropical jungles teeming with diverse wildlife and birds.

During the safari, a four-wheeler or an elephant is used. Besides that, people do experience nature walks, bird watching, culture, and village tours.

Chitwan National Park Safari

Chitwan National Park is a biodiversity-rich area in Nepal’s Terai Lowlands. Rare mammals and a wide range of bird species can be found here. The following are some of the appealing wildlife creatures found in Chitwan National Park. Chitwan National Park is the ideal combination of peace and adventure.

Bardia National Park Safari

Bardia National Park is the largest National park in the low land of Nepal. This is also the habitat for endangered animals. The major vegetation and forest type is wooded grassland and Riverline.

These two are the major National park for jungle safari. The following species are found:

• One-horned Rhino 
• Royal Bengal Tiger
• Clouded Leopard
• Elephant
• Gaur
• Swamp Deer 
• Black Buck
• Gharial Crocodile
• Marsh Mugger
• Gangetic Dolphin

Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is only a licensed hunting reserve. This park is famous for leopard, goral, Himalayan Thar, black beer, barking deer, wild boar, rhesus macaque, langur, and mouse. The national park has an area of 1325 square km and was established in 1987 AD.

Besides mountainous adventure, jungle safari, and hunting is also major activity to do in Nepal. 

Sunrise view from different parts of Nepal

Illam is the place where the sunrise is first in Nepal. Illam has its own beauty with its tea garden and sunrise view. Also, Nagarkot is the best place for the sunrise and sunset near Kathmandu. From there we can see the eye-catching view of Mt. Everest on a clear day.

Sarangkot is also a popular tourist destination for the sunrise when it comes to sightseeing in Nepal. While you are trekking, Poonhill is the best destination for sunrise and sunset. Nepal is a mountainous country, we can explore the magnificent view of sunrise and sunset from different parts of Nepal.

Kayaking and Rafting

There are different levels of rafting in Nepal. Starting from beginner and advanced level rafting and kayaking are held in Nepal. Grade 1 up to Scale 5 rafting grades are available in Nepal. Nepal is one of the top 10 places for rafting and kayaking.

Trishuli River, Seti River, Bhote Koshi River, Kali Gandaki River, Marsyandi River, Sun Koshi River, Arun River, Karnali River, and Tamur River are the major rivers for white-water rafting. The rafting packages start from a day and can be extended per your choice.

Paragliding and Bungee

Paragliding gives you a breathtaking aerial view with that kick-off adventure. If you like flying then you can fly in the sky of Nepal with the view of mountains, lakes rivers paragliding is the best adventure option. Paragliding in Nepal depends on the weather and the season. The best season for paragliding in Nepal starts from September to early June.

Pokhara, Chapakharka, Kot Danda, Godavari, Phulchowki, and Bandipur are the major place for paragliding in Nepal. Tourists usually experience paragliding in Pokhara.

The bungee in Kushma was listed as the highest bungee jump in the world. Later, it becomes the second-highest bungee jump. The max height is 228 meters and the min-max weight is 45kg and 95kg respectively.

Besides all the activities in Nepal, bungee is a popular one in a short time period for both local and foreign tourists. Bhote Koshi Gorge, Hemja, Pokhara, and Kushma are well-known bungee sports.

Mountain Flight Over Mt Everest

If you are a mountain lover and want to explore Mt. Everest in a short time, a Mountain flight is the best way. Mountain flights operate every morning starting around 6 o’clock from Kathmandu. The flight takes you to the highest peak Mt.Everest and other smaller peaks near Everest. Mountain flight is operated by domestic airlines of Nepal and takes around 1-hour flight.

Read more on 15 of the best things to do in Nepal: experience the Himalayas where you can find possible activities in Nepal.

Highlights on Temples of Bhaktapur:

• The ancient city of Bhaktapur, also known as “Bhadgaon,” is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal.
• Bhaktapur is renowned for its stunning architecture, with centuries-old temples and palaces that are adorned with intricate carvings and paintings.
• Some of the most famous temples in Bhaktapur include the Nyatapola Temple, the Bhairava Nath Temple, and the Dattatreya Temple.
• Visitors can also explore the Bhaktapur Durbar Square, a royal palace complex that features a stunning array of temples, shrines, and courtyards.
• In addition to its cultural and historical significance, Bhaktapur is also a hub of traditional Nepali handicrafts and artisanal products, making it a great place to shop for souvenirs.

The palace lies above 1,400 meters or 4,600 ft above sea level. In addition, the durbar lies in the east of Kathmandu and is 13 km from Kathmandu. Bhaktapur Durbar Square is one of the popular sightseeing destinations. The durbar significantly represents the traditional culture, fine arts, and delicacies of the medieval age. 

History of Bhaktapur Durbar Square

The durbar comprises four main durbars: Durbar Square, Taumadhi Square, Dattatreya Square, and Pottery Square. The construction of Bhaktapur durbar square took place in the era of Malla Kings.

The main Durbar square is the 55-window Palace which was constructed by King Jitamitra Malla. The Durbar is a mixture of pagoda and shikhara-style. The Durbar temple is dedicated to Vatsala Devi.

The square is Taumadhi Square which is dedicated to Siddhi Lakshmi and was built around 1702. Another square such as Dattatreya Square was constructed by King Yaksha Malla in 1428. The pottery square was built by a potter which was later donated to the square. It was built in 1646.

Layout & Chowks

As for all the durbars, the main durbar golden gates are followed by the court named Mul Chok meaning the main entrance. Though the court is not open to the public the 55 window palace is open as a national gallery/ museum.

The durbar has two temples which are dedicated to Taleju Bhawani; the royal deity of Malla Kings and the living goddess Kumari.

Restoration & Refurbishing

The major restoration of the Bhaktapur Durbar Square took place only after the earthquake in 1934. During that time 99 courtyards were destroyed and it remained to 6 only.

There was another major challenge in 2015 when the earthquake hit durbar square impacting its roof. This turned out to damage the Vatsala Devi temple. 

Present Condition – Bhaktapur Durbar Square

The Durbar Square is open to the public and is named a national gallery. In addition, you can get a view of the medieval period of Newar culture, including delicacies and the environment.

Some of the squares such as Taumadhi Square, Dattatreya Square, and Pottery Square have now been converted into temples.

Major Attraction of Bhaktapur Durbar Square

Nge Nyapa Jhya Laaykoo (55 window palace)

The 55-window palace was built by Malla King Bhupendra Malla. The palace was completed within 58 years. 55 window palace reflects the Malla era wood carvings, art, culture, and craft.

As its name describes it has 55 windows in the palace. Also, the royal palace has a golden gate at the entrance. In addition, the palace was not open to the public until it was affected and renovated after the earthquake. Now, admirers can visit one of the iconic royal palaces of Nepal.

Bisket Jatra

Though this is more of a jatras than of a historical monument; the bisket jatra reflects the overall view of Malla culture back then in Bhaktapur. The jatra was initiated by King Jagajyoti Malla.

The 9-day jatra is worth attending as you can get insights into some unique cultures in Nepal. In addition, the jatra represents the Newari new year as per the solar calendar. Generally, people pierce their tongues and ears with a pointed thick needle. 

Along with it, the chariot of God Bhairav and Bhadrakali are made and pulled across the city commencing from the Bhairab temple of Taumadhi Tole in Bhaktapur. 

Vatsala Temple

The temple is dedicated to Durga; established as Sri Yantra and is popularly known as Vatsala Durga or Vatsala Devi. The temple lies between the royal palace and the Pashupatinath temple.

The temple was started by King Jagat Prakash Malla, later followed by other Malla Kings to complete and improve them. Vatsala Devi is made in a Shikhar style architecture followed by intense wood cravings in its nine pinnacles. This temple somehow resembles the Krishna temple of Patan Durbar.

Statue of Bhupatindra Malla

The late King Bhupatindra Malla statue is erected right in front of Vatsala Durga. The statue is made up of bronze with the king facing the temple with his hands in prayer position.

Taumadhi Square

The square is located on the premises of durbar square and is one of the durbars in Bhaktapur. Tamaudi Square was made in 1702 and has courtyards that locals use as a trade center these days. 

Dattatreya Square

Dattatreya Square has been converted to Dattatrayea Temple dedicated to the three creators of this universe Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Originally, the square was constructed started in 1427 by King Yaksha Malla. The temple however is made from only one timber.

Pottery Square: The ground of clay arts

As the pottery square was gifted by a rich potter; the arts of pottery still exist today. Pottery Square lies to the east of Tamaudi Square. Within the sideways, you can see a lot of potters ready to sell their pots, vessels, and many more.

Nyatapola Temple

Nyatapola Temple is one of the popular Hindu temples having 5 stories in it. The pagoda-style Nyatapola is a Newari name indicating 5 stories temple.

The temple is dedicated to the goddess Siddhilaxmi. One of the interesting facts is that the temple stands still today surviving four earthquakes. Also, it took 3 generations to complete the temple. 

Bhairava Nath Temple

The temple is dedicated to Lord Bhairav and lies in between Tamaudi square. Bhairav is also a form of Lord Shiva which is fierce and quite dangerous. You can visit the temple right after you visit Nyatapola as they are almost together.

Lun Dhwākhā (Golden Gate)

The golden gate is the main entrance of the 55 window palace. The gate is followed by a courtyard that serves as a pathway in-between.

The Lun Dhwākhā is the Newari name for the golden gate. Furthermore, the golden gate was constructed by King 

Lion’s Gate

The lion’s gate is the entrance of the Simhadhwaka Durbar. The Durbar was built by King Bhupatindra Malla during the 17th century. Hence, the name of the durbar and gate was named after the lion that is in its entry path.

Mini Pashupati Temple

The mini Pashupatinath is a replica of the original Pashupati temple. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple was built by one of the Bhadgaun kings as the king dreamed of Pashupatinath.

Traditional Crafts

As you hover around Bhaktapur you can see arts, crafts, pottery, and many more sideways. All of the traders provide you the crafts that are crafted in traditional ways. These crafting techniques have been passed from generation to generation still keeping them alive.

Fasi Dega

Fasi Dega Temple is one of the ancient temples located in the Bhaktapur Durbar Square. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. 

Moreover, the temple collapsed during an earthquake in 1934 which left the temple on its base only. Later, the temple was constructed in a dome-shaped. The temple faced a breakdown in an earthquake of 2015 which collapse the entire temple.

Image for:https://rubinmuseum.org/page/then-and-now-bhaktapur-durbar-square 

Related:

• Kathmandu Durbar Square: The Major Attractions
• Patan Durbar Square: A Handicraft City of Kathmandu Valley

Frequently Asked Questions

The Durbar Square was the residence of the Malla Kings back in ancient times. Moreover, the Patan durbar square was made during the Malla king’s regime. You can get to see the ancient royal palace, wall cravings, statues, arts, and temples. The whole area of the durbar is paved with red bricks.

History of Patan Durbar Square

Patan Durbar Square PDS construction started from the 14th to 18th centuries. During the regime of King Siddhinarsingh Malla (1619–60), there were some major changes held in the palace. Though the history of Patan Durbar Square is not clear. But Patan was one of the prosperous cities.

The architecture of Patan is the Newar architecture. Temples and shrines are also based on the Newari structure. Patan consists of 55 temples altogether along with 136 monasteries (Buddhist). Patan follows both religions Hinduism and Buddhism.

Layout or Chowk of Durbar Square

Patan Durbar has the 3 main chowks or courtyards:

Keshav Narayan Chowk

Keshav Narayan Chowk is the entrance or walkway of the Patan Museum. The name of the chowk is based on the Keshav Narayan Temple. The chowk lies in between the temple.

Mul Chowk

Mul Chowk is known as the main entrance of the Patan. As it is the central courtyard it is the biggest among the rest two chowks.

The Chowk has different temples and statues as Vidya Temple (center) and Taleju Temple. In addition, you can view the statues of the goddesses Ganga on a tortoise, along with Jamuna, on a carved makura (mythical crocodile).

Sundari Chowk

Sundari Chowk is one of the chowks of Patan located to the south. The chowk has a sunken tank named Tusha Hiti. As per the present status, the Chowk is now a public walkway. Every corner of the entrance of the chowk has stone statues of either Hanuman, Ganesh, or Nara Singha.

As the chowk is now public, one can enjoy different delicacies and ambiance.  The nightlife of Sundari Chowk is a center of attraction as there is a gigantic self-illuminating moon. 

Restoration and Refurbishing 

The restoration or refurbishment of durbar square was done only after the earthquake in 2015. There was major destruction in Char Narayan Temple. Besides that, the patties were also damaged.

During the period, Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust (KVPT) with the help of local police and DoA (Department of Archelogy) started the restoration process by collecting the windows and doors. Then, eventually fixing every part by fencing and scaffolding as they go.

Present Condition – Patan Durbar Square

As per the present condition, the Durbar is open to visitors after the restoration is completed and also a chowk named Sundari Chowk can be used for traveling purposes.

Major Attractions of Patan Durbar Square

Krishna Mandir

Krishna Mandir is one of the major centers of attraction in Patan. This temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna and was built around 1667 (17^th century). It was built by King Siddhi Narsingh Malla. 

The three-storied temple is completely made up of stones and has 21 shrines altogether. The style of architecture of the temple is Granthakuta. In addition, the temple has stories of the Mahabharata engraved on friezes and wall ceilings.

Bhimsen Temple

Bhimsen Temple is one of the renowned temples and is worshiped by Lord Bhimsen who is believed to be the God of Business and Trade. This temple is three-storied with a rectangular base and was built by Srinivasa Malla in 1680.

The great thing about this temple is that the temple has three golden windows which are interconnected with one another and have arts and crafts carved on every wall and a window of the temple. Bhimsen is a great personality from the religious book Mahabharat.

Vishwanath Temple

Vishwanath Temple was built in 1627 by King Siddhi Narsingh Malla and is dedicated to Lord Shiva (Lord of all).  The temple is popular for its erotic carvings on the roof. 

Moreover, the temple has two stone elephants guarding the entrance. There are statues of a bull, Shiva’s vehicle and the stone linga worshiped inside the temple.

Taleju Bhawani Temple

As in the Kathmandu Durbar Square, there is a temple of Taleju Bhawani in Patan also. It was also built by King Siddhi Narsingh Malla in 1640. In 1667 there was a fire and the temple was rebuilt by Srinivasa Malla. The temple is three-storied with a shikhara style.

Taleju Bhawani is the personal deity of the Malla kings. The temple is five-storied and has triple roofs. It is believed that the temple was built in the 14th century by the Pradhanas.

Patan Museum

The part of Patan durbar square is now a museum and is open to the public after restoration. There you can see different bronze statues and swords, historical books, and religious objects. 

The museum is filled with artifacts, traditional arts, statues, and crafts from ancient times. The museum was built in 1997 by Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah.

Hiranya Varna Mahavihar

The Hiranya Varna Mahavihar is also popularly known as The Golden Temple. It is located at kwabadehu and was built by King Bhaskar Verma in the 12^th century. 

The temple is a three-storied pagoda-style temple. The temple has golden statues and images of the Lord Buddha along with a large prayer wheel. Moreover, this temple is popular for feeding rats.

Golden Window

This window was built in honor of King Siddhi Narasingha Malla for his devotion to Lord Krishna and the Buddhist God of compassion, Karunamaya Lokeshwar. 

Golden Door/Gate

The golden door of the Patan is obviously the entrance to the palace. The gate or entrance was installed in 1734. The gate is defined as a golden Torana showing Shiva, Parvati, Ganesh, and Kumar (an incarnation of Skanda, the god of war).

The timber frame above the door is also wrapped with gold foil. It is said that the king made public appearances from the golden gate.

Mahabouddha Temple

This temple is called both Mahabouddha and Mahabuddha.  The temple is an honor to Lord Buddha and the temple is a Shikhara style with five golden pinnacles. The temple represents the five basic elements of existence.

Related:

• Kathmandu Durbar Square: The Major Attractions
• Get Inspired at Swayambhunath (Monkey Temple)

Frequently Asked Questions

Out of three durbar squares situated in Kathmandu Valley; Kathmandu Durbar Square is one of the durbars located in mid of the Kathmandu valley. The word durbar represents the royal palace having temples, statues, courtyards, and many palaces.

History of Kathmandu Durbar Square

It is believed that the Kathmandu Durbar Square construction started during the early rule of Lichhavis. The durbar was named after the Lichhavi King, Gunakamadev in the 10th century as Gunapo and Gupo. The name of the palace can be found in sculptures.

Later, during the regime of Malla King Ratna Malla, the durbar was home to royals. Several constructions such as fountains, statues, and temples (Taleju temple) took place from (1484–1520). In 1769, Privithi Naryan Shah, the great King, conquered the Kathmandu valley and started living in the royal palace.

The Durbar Square host important royal functions such as the coronation of Kings. There was a major change in durbar square during the regime of the Shah and Malla dynasties. Enlargement of the durbar including its courtyard, temples, and chok, and much more construction was made.

Restoration and Refurbishing 

In 2000 the restoration process took place which was funded by World Monuments Fund (WMF). During the restoration, the focus was on the three main temples of Durbar in pagoda style. 

The main damage was in roofs that were rebuilt, and masonry repairs (wall art or wall preservation) were done. In addition, WMF preserved the architectural sculptures, and the fabrics of the plinth and pavement were restored. 

On top of it, WMF provided Nepalese professionals and artisans training in international standards of architectural documentation, research, and conservation of durbar. Hence, the restoration of the Indrapur temple was completed in 2002, the Narayan Temple in 2003, and accordingly the Jagannath Temple in 2004.

On 25 April 2015, Nepal faced an earthquake of 7.9 magnitudes which reversely affect durbar square. This resulted in making the buildings and temple weak also the Kasthamandap, one of the oldest remains of the durbar.

Present Condition: Kathmandu Durbar Square

Currently, the durbar is open to the public but only a specific part can be visited. Nepalese people visit the temples with faith and pride.

Major Attractions of Kathmandu Durbar Square

Taleju Temple

Taleju Temple, one of the popular Hindu temples, worships Taleju Bhawani. The goddess of the royal goddess of the Malla dynasty.

The temple was built in 1564 by the Malla King Mahendra Malla. The temple is open to visitors only one day a year on the 9th day of Dashain, the main festival of Nepal. To reach the temple one can go to Hanuman Dhoka, Kathmandu Durbar Square.

The Golden Door

The entrance of the Kathmandu durbar square is made up of gold; commonly known as the golden door.

Living Goddess Kumari

Goddess Kumari is one of the living goddesses in the world, an incarnation of Taleju Bhawani. You can get visit the living goddess in Kumari Ghar.

The Ghar was built by King Jaya Prakash Malla in 1757 and is located in Layaku Marg, Kathmandu. 

Trailokya Mohan Temple

The Trailokya Mohan Temple is dedicated to God Narayan/Vishnu. The temple’s walls and the roof are carved with Vaishnavite images. It is one of the tallest temples in Layaku Marg, Kathmandu. 

During Indra Jatra, the dances are performed portraying the 10 incarnations of God Vishnu. It is a five-storied temple with a Garuda statue kneeling before it. 

Kasthamandap 

Kasthamandap is the name you hear often when you talk about durbar square and it is located in Maru, Kathmandu. It is often popular with names such as Maru Satta by the locals.

It is a three-storied public wooden shelter constructed for the passerby to rest. The shelter was built around the 16^th century by King Laxmi Nara Singha Malla. It is believed that the shelter is made up of only one tree.

The great bell & two large drums

You can notice the huge bell along with the drum nearby the Taleju temple. Every day the bell is rung 108 times in the morning and the evening of the day.

Along with the bell ringing, you can hear the drums beating also. This process cut off the evil spirits.

The Image of Kal Bhairav

There is the statue or image of Kal Bhairav near Kathmandu Durbar Square. Kal Bhairav is worshipped during Jatras. The statue of Kal Bhairav is made up of a single stone.

Shiva Parvati Temple

The Shiva Parvati Temple is located in Kathmandu Durbar Square itself. It was built by Bahadur Shah. The temple has statues of Shiva and Parvati looking down from the window.

Gaddi Baithak Palace

Gaddi Baithak Palace has a neoclassical palace design. It was built by Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana in 1908. You can find the palace in Layaku, Kathmandu Durbar Square.

Opening hours and Entry fees

The opening hours of the square itself are 24/7, but some of the specific places within the square may have different operating hours. Generally, these places are open between 9 am to 6 pm. However, it’s always advisable to confirm the opening hours with the relevant authorities before your visit, as they may vary depending on the occasion or special events.

The entry fees for different nationalities are as follows:

1. Nepalese citizens: No entrance fee is charged.
2. SAARC Nationals (excluding Nepalese citizens): NPR 150 per person.
3. Other Nationals: NPR 1000 per person.

Children below the age of 10 years are usually exempted from the entry fee and don’t require an entry ticket.

The ticket fee generally covers the cost for all attractions within the square, except for the museums inside. Therefore, you won’t need to pay any additional fees for the included attractions after paying the entrance fee upfront.

Remember to carry your identification documents or proof of nationality to avail the appropriate ticket price at the ticket counter.

Guide and Tips

Here are some additional tips and guidance for your visit to Kathmandu Durbar Square:

• Plan your visit: Take some time to research and plan your visit in advance. Identify the specific attractions or landmarks you would like to see within the square and create an itinerary accordingly. This will help you make the most of your time and ensure you don’t miss out on anything important.
• Be prepared for crowds: Kathmandu Durbar Square is a popular tourist destination, especially during peak seasons and festivals. Be prepared for crowds and try to visit during non-peak hours if you prefer a quieter experience.
• Photography: The square is filled with stunning architecture, intricate carvings, and beautiful statues, making it a photographer’s paradise. However, some temples and sites may have restrictions on photography or charge a separate fee for camera usage. Respect the rules and regulations regarding photography and be mindful of other visitors while taking pictures.
• Bargaining: If you plan to shop for souvenirs or items from local vendors, be prepared for some bargaining. Bargaining is a common practice in Nepal, so don’t hesitate to negotiate prices to get a fair deal. However, remember to do it respectfully and with a friendly attitude.
• Stay hydrated: The weather in Kathmandu can be quite hot and humid, especially during the summer months. Carry a water bottle with you and stay hydrated throughout your visit.
• Respect the historical artifacts: Kathmandu Durbar Square is home to many ancient and historically significant artifacts. It’s important to respect these treasures and avoid touching or damaging them. Follow any guidelines or instructions provided by the authorities or guides to ensure the preservation of these cultural treasures.
• Learn about the history and culture: Take the opportunity to learn about the history and culture of Nepal while exploring the square. Engage with locals, ask questions, and immerse yourself in the rich heritage of the area.

By following these tips and guidelines, you can have a memorable and enjoyable experience exploring the cultural wonders of Kathmandu Durbar Square.

Related:

1. Bhaktapur Durbar Square: The Major Attractions
2. Patan Durbar Square

Frequently Asked Questions